一文讲全 高考英语“听力题型”解读及备考策略

2017 版《普通高中英语课程标准》中指出：英语学科核心素养主要包括语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力。其中，语言能力指在社会情境中，以听、说、读、写、看等方式理解和表达意义的能力，以及在学习和使用语言的过程中形成的语言意识和语感。笔者认为，听力理解能力是其他几项能力的基础，因为它直接影响日常交际活动的效果。另外，听力在高考试卷中所占比重较大，分值较高，听力成绩的好坏对考生整体的英语成绩有着重大影响。可见，学生在日常英语学习和备考期间，提升听力理解能力是十分重要的。

本文由《双语学习报》测试评价研究中心提供，在本文中，笔者将对高考中的听力题型进行解读，并提出一些备考策略，希望对大家的听力备考有所帮助。

一、真题呈现

（选自 2018 年高考全国 I 卷）

第一部分 听力(共两节，满分 30 分)

第一节 （共 5 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分 7.5 分）

听下面 5 段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有 10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。

1. What will James do tomorrow?

A. Watch a TV program.

B. Give a talk.

C. Write a report.

2. What can we say about the woman?

A. She's generous.

B. She's curious.

C. She's helpful.

3. When does the train leave?

A. At 6:30.

B. At 8:30.

C. At 10:30.

4. How does the woman go to work?

A. By car.

B. On foot.

C. By bike.

5. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?

A. Classmates.

B. Teacher and student.

C. Doctor and patient.

第二节（共 15 小题；每小题 1.5 分，满分 22.5 分）

听下面 5 段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题 5 秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出 5 秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第 6 段材料，回答第 6、7 题。

6. What does the woman regret?

A. Giving up her research.

B. Dropping out of college.

C. Changing her major.

7. What is the woman interested in studying now?

A. Ecology.

B. Education.

C. Chemistry.

听第 7 段材料，回答第 8、9 题。

8. What is the man?

A. A hotel manager.

B. A tour guide.

C. A taxi driver.

9. What is the man doing for the woman?

A. Looking for some local foods.

B. Showing her around the seaside.

C. Offering information about a hotel.

听第 8 段材料，回答第 10 至 12 题。

10. Where does the conversation probably take place?

A. In an office.

B. At home.

C. At a restaurant.

11. What will the speakers do tomorrow evening?

A. Go to a concert.

B. Visit a friend.

C. Work extra hours.

12. Who is Alice going to call?

A. Mike.

B. Joan.

C. Catherine.

听第 9 段材料，回答第 13 至 16 题。

13. Why does the woman meet the man?

A. To look at an apartment.

B. To deliver some furniture.

C. To have a meal together.

14. What does the woman like about the carpet?

A. Its color.

B. Its design.

C. Its quality.

15. What does the man say about the kitchen?

A. It's a good size.

B. It's newly painted.

C. It's adequately equipped.

16. What will the woman probably do next?

A. Go downtown.

B. Talk with her friend.

C. Make payment.

听第 10 段材料，回答第 17 至 20 题。

17. Who is the speaker probably talking to?

A. Movie fans.

B. News reporters.

C. College students.

18. When did the speaker take English classes?

A. Before he left his hometown.

B. After he came to America.

C. When he was 15 years old.

19. How does the speaker feel about his teacher?

A. He's proud.

B. He's sympathetic.

C. He's grateful.

20. What does the speaker mainly talk about?

A. How education shaped his life.

B. How his language skills improved.

C. How he managed his business well.

听力录音原文

Text 1

W: James, you've been watching TV for the whole evening. What's on?

M: It's a science program on the origin of the universe. I'll give a presentation on it in my class tomorrow.

Text 2

M: Hello, do you have The Best of Mozart?

W: Um, sorry. We've just sold out. But we can order one for you. If you give us your number, we'll call you when the CD arrives.

Text 3

W: We'd better be going now, or we'll be late for the train.

M: No

rush. It's 8:30 now. We still have two hours.

Text 4

M: I am so tired of driving all those hours to work.

W: Yeah. I know what you mean. I used to drive two hours to work each way. But now, I live within walking distance of my office. I don’t even need a bike.

Text 5

W: Hi, Andy. I didn’t see you in Professor Smith’s class yesterday. What happened?

M: Well, I had a headache. So, I called him and asked for sick leave.

Text 6

W: The biggest mistake I made, uh...was leaving college in my last year and not completing my education. So, I'm thinking of going back to school.

M: School? To study what?

W: Ecology. I'm interested in the relationship between humans and nature.

M: Cool. Is it what you studied years ago?

W: No, I majored in chemistry then.

Text 7

M: Good morning, madam. I am your guide for this trip.

W: How

lovely! Could you tell me about the hotel I'm going to stay at?

M: Yes, of course. The Grand Hotel opened in 1990. And it sits on the seaside along the South Coast Highway. It is the most beautiful hotel here.

W: That sounds great.

M: And there are some restaurants outside. So, at dinnertime, you'd have a lot of choices.

W: That's really nice. I like to have some local foods while traveling. What about the scenery around it?

M: The hotel has the best views of the Pacific Ocean.

W: Oh, I think I will love this hotel.

Text 8

W: Hi, Mike.

M: Hi, Alice. Nice to see you. You don't often come here.

W: I usually have fast food delivered to my office. Just came here for a change today.

M: The environment here is good — clean and relatively quiet.

W: Yeah, and I heard the food is tasty. By the way, are you going to the concert tomorrow evening?

M: Yes, are you?

W: Yeah. Catherine was supposed to go with me. But she may have to work extra hours tomorrow. Do you know anyone who might like to go?

M: No. But if you like, I can ask around. Uh, Joan might want to go.

W: Oh, yes. She's a great fan of classical music. I'll give her a ring after lunch.

Text 9

W: Hi, I've only just arrived.

M: Oh, good. Now, here are the keys. Let's go in. There are two apartments. The one for rent is on the right. Do come in.

W: Thank you. I like the carpet. The color is nice, isn't it?

M: Yes, and this apartment is in good condition. Here is your lounge.

W: Where would we eat?

M: There is this corner here, or you can use your kitchen. Come and see.

W: The kitchen is quite small.

M: Yes, but it has everything — cooker, fridge, even a dishwasher.

W: And there are lots of cupboards.

M: Let me show you the bedrooms. This is the smaller one.

W: It's a good size, though.

M: Now come into the other bedroom. You can see the bathroom, too.

W: Yes. It is very nice, but I will have to ask my friend first. And we will come together. I understand it is $800 a month.

M: Yes, but a few blocks downtown would be much more expensive.

W: Well, thank you. I will be in touch.

Text 10

M: Thank you very much. Thank you, Dr. Johnson. Well, it is really great to be back at university again. The thing that I wanted to tell you today is this: Education is important. When I came to the US, I was only thinking about being a carpenter, but I could not read the newspaper. And I could not understand the news on television or movies or anything like this. So, I entered the city college to take English classes for foreign students. I was very proud that I was going to a college because no one in my family ever went to any college or to any university. You know, when you’re 15 years old in my country, you finish school and then you learn a trade. And that's exactly what I did. When I was 15 years old, I learned how to be a carpenter. A year later, I came to America. Luckily, I met a very good teacher who encouraged me to take some math classes, business classes, and history classes, and I became a full-time college student. And today, when I look back, I'm so happy because you never know where life will take you.All of a sudden, I started making money because I was really good at math. You know, how to work out everything with math is so important. This is something that I learned when I started my own business, which is doing really well.

二、题型介绍

（1）任务要求

要求考生根据所听到的简短对话、中长对话或者独白，从每题所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。

（2）考查要点

该部分要求考生听懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的对话和独白，旨在考查其听懂英语口语的能力。考生应能：

理解主旨要义；获取事实性的具体信息；对所听内容作出简单推断；理解说话人的意图、观点和态度。

三、试题分析

（1）任务要求

听力部分由两节组成：第一节为 5 段简短对话，第二节为 4 段中长对话和 1 段独白，共设有 20 道小题，以“三选一”的形式命制。

（2）话题

话题丰富多样，均与日常生活相关，主要涉及新课标话题中的“人与自我”和“人与社会”两大方面，“人与自然”偶有涉及。

（3）对话轮次及词数

以 2018 年全国 I 卷听力考试为例，5 段简短对话均为 1 轮次的对话，总词数为 157 词；四段中长对话的轮次依次为 2.5 轮、4 轮、4.5 轮和 7.5 轮，总词数为 443 词；独白部分总词数为 242 词。整个听力考试输入的总词数为 842 词。

（4）提问词

听力部分的提问词以 what 为主，兼顾how、why、who when、where、which、whose、how many、how much、how often 等。

（5）“微技能”分布

具体信息题是听力考试中最常见的命题，在整个听力考试中占比较大。在高考听力部分的 20 道小题中，此类题目的数量一般达到一半以上；其次是简单推断题；主旨要义题和观点意图题，一般为 1—2 道小题。

四、备考策略

1.答题策略

（1）具体信息题

此类题目主要考查考生获取事实性的具体信息的能力，这类信息包含时间、地点、人物等等。一般来说，考生能从所听的原文中直接获取答案。但有时候，考生需将听到的信息进行简单的转换，才能获取答案，比如同义词转换、词性转换等等。考生在做此类题目时，需要听懂文中与设题相关的关键信息，便能获取答案。本文第一部分真题中的第 1、4、6、7、8、11、12、14、16、18 小题均为具体信息题。

（2）简单推断题

此类题目主要考查考生对所听内容作出简单推断的能力，比如推断对话或独白发生的场合、说话者的身份、说话者之间的关系等。做此类题目时，考生不能从听力原文中直接获取答案，而需要根据听到的信息进行逻辑推理，从而推断出听力材料中未明确提及的信息等。本文第一部分真题中的第 2、3、5、9、10、13、15、17 小题均为简单推断题。

（3）主旨要义题

此类题目主要考查考生获取对话或独白的主旨大意的能力。一段对话或者独白会围绕一个主旨展开。有时，主旨会比较明确，考生通过听取听力材料中的关键信息就能获取该段材料的主旨大意；有时，主旨则会贯穿于整个对话或独白，需要考生对所听内容进行归纳和概括，才能得出整段材料的主旨大意。本文第一部分真题中的第 20 小题为主旨要义题。

（4）观点意图题

此类题目主要考查考生理解说话人的意图、观点和态度的能力。有时，说话者的意图、观点和态度是明说出来的，有时则隐含在话语之中，需要考生进行推断。本文第一部分真题中的第 19 小题为观点意图题。

2.日常学习中听力素养的培养

（1）重视语言、文化知识的积累。

语言，既是文化的载体，也是思维的工具。语言能力的高低对考生能否听懂英语口语有着至关重要的影响，所以我们要重视语言知识的积累，努力提升自己的语音、词汇、语法、语篇和语用知识。另外，高考中的听力材料均为欧美国家日常生活中的真实场景，故其有很深厚的文化内涵，所以我们在日常学习过程中，要重视文化知识的积累，逐步培养自己的文化意识。

（2）多听多练，练习时注意听力技巧。

熟能生巧。较高的听力水平和日常密集的听力训练是分不开的。考生平时可以利用翼课网等平台进行听力训练，全方位提高自己的听力水平。练习时，要注意以下技巧：

Tips:

① 学会预测即将听到的内容。

考生在答题前，应将该段听力材料所涉及的试题浏览一遍，做到心中有数，并尝试根据试题的内容推测即将听到的听力原文的内容。听前有所准备，在听的过程中就会放松心情，集中注意力去获取与设题相关的关键信息。

② 注意抓关键信息。

有时，听力材料很长。所以，在听的过程中，考生需要抓住与设题相关的关键信息，从而迅速获取答案。此类信息包括时间、地点、人物、事件等关键信息及具有转折关系的连词等。

③ 培养自己的速记能力。

在听力考试中，有的听力材料仅播放一遍，有的关键信息一闪而过，仅凭大脑是记不住的，这时就需要考生用笔速记下来。所以，考生在日常训练中要找到适合自己的速记方法，比如用符号、简写甚至用中文等将关键信息记录下来，以免做题时遗忘。

（3）心态

心态对考生的答题效果有着十分重要的影响，所以，保持一颗“平常心”会有助于考生取得好成绩。有的考生平时成绩很好，但每逢考试，成绩却不理想，这与考试时的心态有着很大的关系。所以，在听力考试前，考生要放松心情，平和心态。

参考文献:

[1] 2018 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试.全国 I 卷.

[2] 中华人民共和国教育部.《普通高中英语课程标准》（2017 年版）.

[3] 教育部考试中心.《2019 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲的说明》.高等教育出版社.