单片机英文参单片机英文参考文献考文献 我要的是书名 作者 出版社

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，tohecharnesses hatchhangederdnothy我们有情绪。

sotounitwafound可能性portonitonetransstornhamebitof silicon，并将其作为integrated efficiency循环的起点。astimewenton，asstieldfinancitionwareach for nechip to ccommodatennoisttranslatestsfor for umfgateflippers。这一系列臀部被称为7400系列。该网站依赖于其他随机域名。他们可以连接片外布线omakeoranyse。他们可以通过芯片外接线电脑。

可能的话，我们可以用电脑。我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑，我的电脑不是一个新组织的昂贵的主框架，而是一个独立的部门。

在小型计算机主机就绪之前。世界上最大的竞争力量是发达国家和发展中国家，而发达国家和发展中国家则是发达国家和发展中国家。微型计算机转换情况。

thefallintustofcomputingidemergency从eminicomputer开始；伊萨达拉维什比尼塔韦这就是计算机行业“走向另一条路”的原因.阿斯蒂斯索普洛普勒斯福尔摩斯尼，无名小卒。

重新计算硬件。

architectcomputer的thetimethatchaichawawondeforoneforarchitecompute硬件serhe 7400系列studiologwork and flip-flopsland然而，考虑到可靠性和可移动性，集成的平均水平足够高。serhe 7400系列研究人员。the serhe 7400 serestudiopharate and lip-flopsland还没有集成的平均水平足够提供足够的希腊可靠性和可拆卸性theresearcher，in university or else where，coudbandaydigitaldevicedetailagionalgetworkup .intch computer laboratoryebychecambridgcap，一种具有fany capacity功能的零刻度微型计算机。

7400系列高速公路干线公路1970年宽带局域网络.published ing studingstyle for her gament forest notification of et theher et .直到出现testeetworks system，user shadowwith tele type-based localaranenetworkkwworks。发布microsofthedingestetworksystemid。直到用户运行基于teletype的本地网络。

环需要高弹性，因为，当脉冲发生时，它们必须是连续产生的。它为7400系列芯片组提供了很高的可靠性，使其能够为10岁以下的孩子提供更好的项目。

瑟里西姆坦丁察夫塔赫

Earlycomputershadsimpleinstructionsets.Astimewentondesignersofcommerciallyavailablemachinesaddedadditionalfeatureswhichtheythoughtwouldimproveperformance.Fewcomparativemeasurementsweredoneandonthewholethechoiceoffeaturesdependeduponthedesigner’sintuition.

In1980,theRISCmovementthatwastochangeallthisbrokeontheworld.ThemovementopenedwithapaperbyPattersonandDitzelentitledTheCasefortheReducedInstructionsSetComputer.

Apartfromleadingtoastrikingacronym,thistitleconveyslittleoftheinsightsintoinstructionsetdesignwhichwentwiththeRISCmovement,inparticularthewayitfacilitatedpipelining,asystemwherebyseveralinstructionsmaybeindifferentstagesofexecutionwithintheprocessoratthesametime.Pipeliningwasnotnew,butitwasnewforsmallcomputers

TheRISCmovementbenefitedgreatlyfrommethodswhichhadrecentlybecomeavailableforestimatingtheperformancetobeexpectedfromacomputerdesignwithoutactuallyimplementingit.Irefertotheuseofapowerfulexistingcomputertosimulatethenewdesign.Bytheuseofsimulation,RISCadvocateswereabletopredictwithsomeconfidencethatagoodRISCdesignwouldbeabletoout-performthebestconventionalcomputersusingthesamecircuittechnology.Thispredictionwasultimatelybornoutinpractice.

Simulationmaderapidprogressandsooncameintouniversalusebycomputerdesigners.Inconsequence,computerdesignhasbecomemoreofascienceandlessofanart.Today,designersexpecttohavearoomfulof,computersavailabletodotheirsimulations,notjustone.Theyrefertosucharoomfulbytheattractivenameofcomputerfarm.

Thex86InstructionSet

Littleisnowheardofpre-RISCinstructionsetswithonemajorexception,namelythatoftheIntel8086anditsprogeny,collectivelyreferredtoasx86.ThishasbecomethedominantinstructionsetandtheRISCinstructionsetsthatoriginallyhadaconsiderablemeasureofsuccessarehavingtoputupahardfightforsurvival.

Thisdominanceofx86disappointspeoplelikemyselfwhocomefromtheresearchwings.bothacademicandindustrial.ofthecomputerfield.Nodoubt,businessconsiderationshavealottodowiththesurvivalofx86,butthereareotherreasonsaswell.Howevermuchweresearchorientedpeoplewouldliketothinkotherwise.highlevellanguageshavenotyeteliminatedtheuseofmachinecodealtogether.Weneedtokeepremindingourselvesthatthereismuchtobesaidforstrictbinarycompatibilitywithprevioususagewhenthatcanbeattained.Nevertheless,thingsmighthavebeendifferentifIntel’smajorattempttoproduceagoodRISCchiphadbeenmoresuccessful.Iamreferringtothei860(notthei960,whichwassomethingdifferent).Inmanywaysthei860wasanexcellentchip,butitssoftwareinterfacedidnotfitittobeusedinaworkstation.

Thereisaninterestingstinginthetailofthisapparentlyeasytriumphofthex86instructionset.ItprovedimpossibletomatchthesteadilyincreasingspeedofRISCprocessorsbydirectimplementationofthex86instructionsetashadbeendoneinthepast.Instead,designerstookaleafoutoftheRISCbook;althoughitisnotobvious,onthesurface,amodernx86processorchipcontainshiddenwithinitaRISC-styleprocessorwithitsowninternalRISCcoding.Theincomingx86codeis,aftersuitablemassaging,convertedintothisinternalcodeandhandedovertotheRISCprocessorwherethecriticalexecutionisperformed.

InthissummingupoftheRISCmovement,IrelyheavilyonthelatesteditionofHennessyandPatterson’sbooksoncomputerdesignasmysupportingauthority;seeinparticularComputerArchitecture,thirdedition,2003,pp146,151-4,157-8.

TheIA-64instructionset.

Sometimeago,IntelandHewlett-PackardintroducedtheIA-64instructionset.Thiswasprimarilyintendedtomeetagenerallyrecognisedneedfora64bitaddressspace.Inthis,itfollowedtheleadofthedesignersoftheMIPSR4000andAlpha.HoweveronewouldhavethoughtthatIntelwouldhavestressedcompatibilitywiththex86;thepuzzleisthattheydidtheexactopposite.

Moreover,builtintothedesignofIA-64isafeatureknownaspredicationwhichmakesitincompatibleinamajorwaywithallotherinstructionsets.Inparticular,itneeds6extrabitswitheachinstruction.Thisupsetsthetraditionalbalancebetweeninstructionwordlengthandinformationcontent,anditchangessignificantlythebriefofthecompilerwriter.

Inspiteofhavinganentirelynewinstructionset,IntelmadethepuzzlingclaimthatchipsbasedonIA-64wouldbecompatiblewithearlierx86chips.Itwashardtoseeexactlywhatwasmeant.

ChipsforthelatestIA-64processor,namely,theItanium,appeartohavespecialhardwareforcompatibility.Evenso,x86coderunsveryslowly.

Becauseoftheabovecomplications,implementationofIA-64requiresalargerchipthanisrequiredformoreconventionalinstructionsets.Thisinturnimpliesahighercost.Suchatanyrate,isthereceivedwisdom,and,asageneralprinciple,itwasrepeatedassuchbyGordonMoorewhenhevisitedCambridgerecentlytoopentheBettyandGordonMooreLibrary.Ihave,however,hearditsaidthatthematterappearsdifferentlyfromwithinIntel.ThisIdonotunderstand.ButIamveryreadytoadmitthat